Avukat

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Avukat huwa persuna li tipprattika d-dritt b'diversi rwoli b?al pere?empju avukat tad-difi?a, avukat tal-akku?a, avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali, avukat kanonku, nutar tad-dritt ?ivili, avukat konsulent, a?ent e?ekuttiv legali, jew uffi?jal pubbliku li j?ejji, jinterpreta u japplika d-dritt, i?da mhux b?ala uffi?jal paralegali jew segretarju e?ekuttiv.^[1] Ix-xog?ol ta' avukat jinvolvi l-applikazzjoni prattika ta' teoriji ?uridi?i u g?arfien ?uridiku astratti biex ji?u solvuti problemi spe?ifi?i individwalizzati, jew biex javvanza l-interessi ta' dawk li jqabbdu lill-avukat ja?dem g?alihom biex iwettaq servizzi ?uridi?i. Ir-rwol tal-avukat ivarja ?afna bejn il-?urisdizzjonijiet legali differenti.^[2]^[3]

Terminolo?ija

Fil-prattika, il-?urisdizzjonijiet legali je?er?itaw id-dritt tag?hom li jiddeterminaw min ikun rikonoxxut b?ala avukat. B’hekk, it-tifsira tat-terminu "avukat" jaf tvarja minn post g?all-ie?or. Xi ?urisdizzjonijiet g?andhom ?ew? tipi ta' avukati, avukat difensur jew tad-difi?a (bl-Ingli?: barrister) u avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali (bl-Ingli?: solicitor), filwaqt li o?rajn jg?aqqduhom flimkien. Avukat tad-difi?a huwa avukat li jispe?jalizza biex jidher quddiem qrati superjuri. Avukat prokuratur jew prokuratur legali huwa avukat li ji?i m?arre? biex i?ejji l-ka?ijiet u jag?ti pariri dwar su??etti ?uridi?i, u jista' jirrappre?enta lill-klijenti fil-qrati inferjuri. I?-?ew? tipi ta' avukati (meta dawn ikunu distinti) ikunu attendew skola tad-dritt u temmew it-ta?ri? prattiku me?tie?. Madankollu, fil-?urisdizzjonijiet fejn dawn il-professjonijiet u maqsumin fi tnejn, l-avukati tad-difi?a biss jit?allew jissie?bu b?ala membri tal-asso?jazzjonijiet rispettivi tal-avukati tad-difi?a.

Responsabbiltajiet

Fil-bi??a l-kbira tal-pajji?i, b'mod partikolari dawk bil-li?i komuni (bl-Ingli?: common law), it-tradizzjoni kienet li jing?ataw bosta kompiti ?uridi?i lil varjetà ta' nutara u skrivana tad-dritt ?ivili.^[4]^[5] Dawn il-pajji?i ma jkollhomx avukati bit-tifsira Amerikana, ladarba t-terminu "avukat" jintu?a g?al tip wie?ed ta' fornitur ta' servizzi ?uridi?i bi skop ?enerali^[6]; minflok, il-professjonijiet legali tag?hom jikkonsistu minn g?add kbir ta' tipi differenti ta' persuni m?arr?a fid-dritt, mag?rufa b?ala ?uristi, li w?ud minnhom ikunu avukati bil-li?enzja (fil-kuntest ta' Malta l-"li?enzja" normalment tissejja? "warrant") li jipprattikaw fil-qrati.^[7]^[8]^[9] Huwa diffi?li li jitfasslu ?eneralizzazzjonijiet pre?i?i li jkopru l-pajji?i kollha b'diversi professjonijiet legali peress li kull pajji? tradizzjonalment ikollu l-metodu partikolari tieg?u ta' kif jaqsam ix-xog?ol ?uridiku fost it-tipi differenti kollha ta' professjonisti ?uridi?i.^[10]

Pere?empju, l-Ingilterra, li t?addan il-li?i komuni, ?ar?et mill-Medju Evu bl-istess kumplessitajiet fil-professjonijiet legali tag?ha, i?da mbag?ad evolviet sas-seklu 19 b'divi?joni unika bejn l-avukati tad-difi?a u l-prokuraturi legali. Divi?joni ekwivalenti ?viluppat bejn l-avukati u l-prokuraturi f'xi pajji?i o?ra li j?addnu l-li?i komuni; dawn i?-?ew? tipi ta' avukati mhux dejjem kien ikollhom monopolju tal-prattika tal-li?i, g?aliex kienu je?istu flimkien man-nutara tad-dritt ?ivili li wkoll kienu jwettqu dawn il-kompiti.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Diversi pajji?i li ori?inarjament kellhom ?ew? professjonijiet legali jew iktar, minn dak i?-?mien 'l hawn g?aqdu l-professjonijiet f'tip uniku ta' avukat.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Il-bi??a l-kbira tal-pajji?i f'din il-kategorija huma pajji?i li j?addnu l-li?i komuni, g?alkemm Franza, pajji? li j?addan il-li?i ?ivili, wettqet fu?joni tal-?uristi tag?ha fl-1990 u fl-1991 b'rispons g?all-kompetizzjoni Anglo-Amerikana.^[18] Fil-pajji?i bi professjonijiet fu?i, avukat is-soltu jit?alla jwettaq ir-responsabbiltajiet kollha jew kwa?i kollha li huma elenkati hawn ta?t.

Argumentazzjoni bil-fomm fil-qrati

L-argumentazzjoni ta' ka? ta' klijent quddiem im?allef jew ?urija f'qorti hija kompitu tradizzjonali tal-avukat tad-difi?a fl-Ingilterra u fl-Awstralja^[19], u tal-avukati f'xi ?urisdizzjonijiet tal-li?i ?ivili.^[20] Madankollu, il-konfini bejn l-avukati tad-difi?a u l-avukati prokuraturi evolvew. Attwalment fl-Ingilterra, il-monopolji tal-avukat tad-difi?a jkopri biss il-qrati tal-appell, u l-avukati tad-difi?a jridu jikkompetu direttament mal-avukati prokuraturi f'?afna qrati tal-pro?essi.^[21] F'pajji?i b?all-Istati Uniti, bi professjonijiet legali fu?i, hemm avukati tal-pro?essi li jispe?jalizzaw fil-pro?essi fil-qorti, i?da dawn ma g?andhomx monopolju ?uridiku b?all-avukati tad-difi?a. F'xi pajji?i, il-partijiet fil-kaw?a g?andhom l-g?a?la li jargumentaw pro se, jew f'isimhom stess. Huwa komuni g?all-partijiet fil-kaw?a li jidhru ming?ajr rappre?entanza quddiem ?erti qrati b?all-qrati ta' tilwim ?g?ir, pere?empju t-tribunal tal-pa?i; tabil?aqq, ?afna qrati b?al dawn ma jippermettux lill-avukati jitkellmu f'isem il-klijenti tag?hom, sabiex jiffrankaw il-flus il-parte?ipanti kollha ta' kaw?a ?g?ira. F'pajji?i o?ra b?all-Venezwela, ?add ma jista' jidher quddiem im?allef jekk ma jkunx rappre?entat minn avukat.^[22] Il-vanta?? ta' dan ir-re?im tal-a??ar hu li l-avukati jkunu mid?la tad-drawwiet u tal-pro?eduri tal-qorti, u b'hekk is-sistema ?uridika tkun iktar effi?jenti g?al dawk kollha li jkunu involuti. Il-partijiet li ma jkunux rappre?entati spiss i?assru l-kredibbiltà tag?hom stess jew idewmu l-qorti min?abba li ma jkollhomx esperjenza fil-qorti.^[23]^[24]

Referenzi

^ Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.
^ Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Angelo Dondi, Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8047-4882-9), 20–23.
^ John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103.
^ Richard L. Abel, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 4.
^ Merryman, 105–109.
^ Walter O. Weyrauch, The Personality of Lawyers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27.
^ Jon T. Johnsen, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91.
^ Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164.
^ Merryman, 105.
^ Hazard, 21–33.
^ Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession," trans. by Richard L. Abel, in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.
^ Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.
^ Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.
^ Bastard, 299, u Hazard, 45.
^ Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.
^ David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.
^ Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.
^ Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France," in Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.
^ "What is a Barrister?". austbar.asn.au. Mi?bur 2025-08-14.
^ Hazard, 30–32.
^ Richard L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (London: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 116.
^ Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387.
^ Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?" Edmonton Journal.
^ Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack," The New York Times.

?oloq esterni

Wikimedia Commons g?andha fajls multimedjali li g?andhom x'jaqsmu ma': Avukat (Lawyers)

[1] Henry Campbell Black, Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.

[2] Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. & Angelo Dondi, Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8047-4882-9), 20–23.

[3] John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103.

[4] Richard L. Abel, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 4.

[5] Merryman, 105–109.

[6] Walter O. Weyrauch, The Personality of Lawyers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27.

[7] Jon T. Johnsen, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91.

[8] Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164.

[9] Merryman, 105.

[10] Hazard, 21–33.

[11] Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession," trans. by Richard L. Abel, in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.

[12] Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.

[13] Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.

[14] Bastard, 299, u Hazard, 45.

[15] Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.

[16] David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.

[17] Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital," in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.

[18] Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France," in Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.

[19] "What is a Barrister?". austbar.asn.au. Mi?bur 2025-08-14.

[20] Hazard, 30–32.

[21] Richard L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (London: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 116.

[22] Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society," in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387.

[23] Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?" Edmonton Journal.

[24] Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack," The New York Times.

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